![]() The “intermediate-field” is the region in which isostatic effects are not the dominant component of sea level, but are large enough to prevent the formation of a high stand at any point during the Holocene.Īt present, there are significant uncertainties associated with GIA modelling in the near- and intermediate fields that require large, high-quality observational data sets with broad temporal and geographical coverage to resolve them. In the “far-field”, the dominant component of sea level is the volumetric effect of the water added to (or removed from) the oceans, and this contribution is spatially invariant and, therefore, is known variously as eustatic, barystatic, ice-equivalent or global mean sea level (throughout this paper, we will use the latter term and the acronym GMSL). Areas directly proximal to ice sheets that are highly affected by isostatic effects are referred to as “near-field”. GIA is the most ubiquitous geophysical process that impacts relative sea level (RSL) and accurate calculation of GIA effects is critical to reconstructing global mean sea level (GMSL) from observations of RSL change. ![]() The process by which this occurs is known as glacio-hydro-isostatic adjustment (most commonly contracted to glacio-isostatic adjustment or GIA), and complicates the quantification of the present-day changes in global mean sea level and projections of future global mean sea level (Clark et al. These changes in load in turn induce slow deformation of the Earth with corresponding gravitational and rotational effects. 2018) changed the magnitude and distribution of the load applied to Earth’s surface (Fig. ![]() Mass exchanges between terrestrial ice sheet complexes and glaciers and the ocean basins, since the end of the last glacial maximum (LGM ca. An accurate understanding of the timing and magnitude of past sea-level change are, therefore, a critical component of paleoclimate studies. Growth and decay of ice sheets influence global climate via changing ocean chemistry and atmospheric circulation (e.g., Broecker and Denton 1989 Yokoyama and Esat 2011 Matsumoto and Yokoyama 2013). For affiliation and e-mail addresses of authors and members of TOPO-EUROPE Working Group, see. Netherlands Research Centre for Integrated Solid Earth Science, Faculty of Earth & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, e-mail address: sier (S.A.P.L.
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